Oracle-1対多の関係で、最小値に基づいて個別の行を選択します

通常、row_number()を使用します ：

select id, name, visit_date as first_visit_date, reference_number
from (select v.id, p.name, v.visit_date, v.reference_number,
             row_number() over (partition by p.id order by v.visit_date desc) as seqnum
      from visits v join
           patients p
           on v.patient_id p.id
     ) t
where seqnum = 1;