そのための1つの方法は、ユニオンです。
WITH YourWith as (
select value1, value2, value3, ...
from YourTable
)
select name = 'Current', value1 from YourWith
union all
select name = 'Past1', value2 from YourWith
union all
select name = 'Past2', value3 from YourWith
union all
...