テーブルにCASCADEでDELETEがあるかどうかを確認します

はい。 INFORMATION_SCHEMAをクエリするだけです

SELECT * FROM information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS

またはより具体的に

-- This query will list all constraints, their delete rule, 
-- the constraint table/column list, and the referenced table
SELECT 
  r.CONSTRAINT_NAME,
  r.DELETE_RULE, 
  r.TABLE_NAME,
  GROUP_CONCAT(k.COLUMN_NAME SEPARATOR ', ') AS `constraint columns`,
  r.REFERENCED_TABLE_NAME
FROM information_schema.REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS r
  JOIN information_schema.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE k
  USING (CONSTRAINT_CATALOG, CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA, CONSTRAINT_NAME)
-- using MySQL's GROUP BY clause. In other DB's more columns would need to be
-- specified!
GROUP BY r.CONSTRAINT_CATALOG,
         r.CONSTRAINT_SCHEMA,
         r.CONSTRAINT_NAME

REFERENTIAL_CONSTRAINTS> マニュアルの表