ご覧のとおり、これはApparmorの問題です。
[192088.261031] audit: type=1400 audit(1516074899.710:1304): apparmor="DENIED" operation="open" info="Failed name lookup - disconnected path" error=-13 profile="/usr/sbin/mysqld" name="var/lib/docker/aufs/diff/e5182def06a6a8b8d08c0a6d0c3a439585d2e7aea90507c245d421c319431d51/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.19.so" pid=18970 comm="mysqld" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[192088.261039] audit: type=1400 audit(1516074899.710:1305): apparmor="DENIED" operation="getattr" info="Failed name lookup - disconnected path" error=-13 profile="/usr/sbin/mysqld" name="var/lib/docker/aufs/diff/e5182def06a6a8b8d08c0a6d0c3a439585d2e7aea90507c245d421c319431d51/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu" pid=18970 comm="mysqld" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[192088.261066] audit: type=1400 audit(1516074899.710:1306): apparmor="DENIED" operation="getattr" info="Failed name lookup - disconnected path" error=-13 profile="/usr/sbin/mysqld" name="var/lib/docker/aufs/diff/e5182def06a6a8b8d08c0a6d0c3a439585d2e7aea90507c245d421c319431d51/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu" pid=18970 comm="mysqld" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[192088.261083] audit: type=1400 audit(1516074899.710:1307): apparmor="DENIED" operation="getattr" info="Failed name lookup - disconnected path" error=-13 profile="/usr/sbin/mysqld" name="var/lib/docker/aufs/diff/e5182def06a6a8b8d08c0a6d0c3a439585d2e7aea90507c245d421c319431d51/lib" pid=18970 comm="mysqld" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
[192088.261103] audit: type=1400 audit(1516074899.710:1308): apparmor="DENIED" operation="getattr" info="Failed name lookup - disconnected path" error=-13 profile="/usr/sbin/mysqld" name="var/lib/docker/aufs/diff/e5182def06a6a8b8d08c0a6d0c3a439585d2e7aea90507c245d421c319431d51/usr/lib" pid=18970 comm="mysqld" requested_mask="r" denied_mask="r" fsuid=0 ouid=0
コンテナにログインして以下のコマンドを実行することで修正できます。
mv /usr/sbin/mysqld /usr/bin/mysqld
ln -nfs /usr/bin/mysqld /usr/sbin/mysqld