アウターセレクトで同じものを選んでください。同じクエリでエイリアス名にアクセスすることはできません。
SELECT *, (CASE WHEN articleNumber < 2 THEN 'Ama' WHEN articleNumber < 5 THEN 'SemiAma' WHEN articleNumber < 7 THEN 'Good' WHEN articleNumber < 9 THEN 'Better' WHEN articleNumber < 12 THEN 'Best' ELSE 'Outstanding' END) AS ranking FROM( SELECT registrationDate, (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM Articles WHERE Articles.userId = Users.userId) as articleNumber, hobbies, etc... FROM USERS )x
プレ>