where 句 WHERE (sales.transDate BETWEEN @fromDate AND @toDate)
売上のない週は削除されます。おそらくサブクエリを実行してトランザクションを取得し、それを週テーブルに結合する必要があります。
SELECT Weeks.WeekNum, SUM(sales.quantity) AS sales
FROM Weeks LEFT OUTER JOIN
(
SELECT *
FROM sales
WHERE (sales.transDate BETWEEN @fromDate AND @toDate)
) sales
ON Weeks.WeekNum = DATEPART(week, sales.transDate)
GROUP BY Weeks.WeekNum