Oracle Database 12c Release 2から TO_NUMBERを使用できます DEFAULT ... ON CONVERSION ERRORを使用 :
SELECT TO_NUMBER('*' DEFAULT 0 ON CONVERSION ERROR) AS "Value"
FROM DUAL;
またはCAST :
SELECT CAST('*' AS NUMBER DEFAULT 0 ON CONVERSION ERROR) AS "Value"
FROM DUAL;
db<>フィドルデモ