出発点の緯度/経度として$latと$longを取得すると仮定します:
$sql = 'SELECT *, (6371 * acos(cos(radians(' . $lat . ')) * cos(radians(latitude)) * cos(radians(longitude) - radians(' . $lng . ')) + sin(radians(' . $lat . ')) * sin(radians(latitude)))) AS distance from table_name WHERE distance < 10';