複数の階層があるため、これは苦痛です。私は提案します:
SELECT c.id, ch.charge_amount, ch.taxes_amount
FROM Customer c LEFT JOIN
(SELECT ch.customer_id, SUM(ch.amount) as charge_amount,
SUM(t.taxes_amount) as taxes_amount
FROM Charges ch LEFT JOIN
(SELECT t.charge_id, SUM(t.amounts) as taxes_amount
FROM taxes t
GROUP BY t.charge_id
) t
ON t.charge_id = ch.id
GROUP BY ch.customer_id
) ch
ON ch.customer_id = c.id;
顧客に複数の請求がある場合、または請求に複数の税金がある場合、何らかの形式のサブクエリなしでこれを修正することはできません。