PATINDEX関数はどうですか?
TSQLのパターンマッチングは完全な正規表現ライブラリではありませんが、基本を提供します。
(Books Onlineから)
Wildcard Meaning
% Any string of zero or more characters.
_ Any single character.
[ ] Any single character within the specified range
(for example, [a-f]) or set (for example, [abcdef]).
[^] Any single character not within the specified range
(for example, [^a - f]) or set (for example, [^abcdef]).