再帰CTEを使用して前と現在の行の値を取得するには?

これは ID 値の増加を想定しており、ID のギャップに対処します

SELECT
   ID, 
   This.Number AS CurrentValue, 
   Prev2.Number AS PreviousValue
FROM
   myTable This
   OUTER APPLY
   (
    SELECT TOP 1
       Number
    FROM
       myTable Prev
    WHERE
       Prev.ID < This.ID  -- change to number if you want
    ORDER BY
       Prev.ID DESC
   ) Prev2;

または

WITH CTE
     AS (SELECT ID,
                Number,
                ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY ID) AS rn
         FROM   Mytable)
SELECT ID,
       This.Number AS CurrentValue,
       Prev.Number AS PreviousValue
FROM   CTE This
       LEFT JOIN CTE Prev
         ON Prev.rn + 1 = This.rn; 

SQL Server 2012 の場合

SELECT
   ID,
   Number AS CurrentValue,
   LAG(Number) OVER (ORDER BY ID) AS PreviousValue
FROM
   MyTable